Autor :Prof. dr Aleksandar Gadžić Fakultet za fizičku kulturu i menadžmet u sportu jedini fakultet za sport Univerzitet Singidunum, Beograd

Prema važećem Zakonu¹ u našoj zemlji, svi učenici koji pohađaju nastavu u školskom sistemu imaju pravo na zaštitu i bezbednost u školskoj zgradi i školskom dvorištu, na putu između kuće i škole i van školske zgrade i školskog dvorišta – za vreme ostvarivanja obrazovno-vaspitnog rada ili drugih nastavnih i vannastavnih aktivnosti koje organizuje škola.

Svaka škola na osnovu ovog Zakona, propisuje Pravilnike o merama, načinu i postupku zaštite i bezbednosti učenika za vreme ostvarivanja obrazovno–vaspitnog rada i drugih aktivnosti koje organizuje škola. Najčešće se u tim Pravilnicima navodi da se zaštita i bezbednost učenika ostvaruje kao:

• fizička zaštita i bezbednost
• zdravstvena zaštita i bezbednost
• emocionalna i socijalna zaštita i bezbednost

Pored navedenih, formalnih, oblika obezbeđenja zdravstvene zaštite i bezbednosti učenika u školi, činjenica je da postoje i oblasti koje nisu jasno i na detaljan način definisane Zakonom. Naime, fizičko i zdravstveno vaspitanje, zbog svojih specifičnosti, sigurno predstavlja „najrizičniji“ deo celokupnog nastavnog procesa.

Svedoci smo povremenih, senzacionalističkih, naslova kako je učenik slomio nogu, ruku ili se još gore povredio na času fizičkog vaspitanja zbog propusta nastavnika. Nažalost, takvi natpisi su ponekad u pravu. Ponekad se desi da nastavnik nehotice napravi neki propust i nezgoda se desi, uz konsekventno pozivanje nastavnika na odgovornost. Odgovornost nastavnika fizičkog i zdravstvenog vaspitanja za zdravlje i bezbednost učenika je sigurno najveća od svih ostalih predmetnih nastavnika. Ovaj odnos ukazuje na potrebu da se jasno definišu pravila i procedure koje nastavnik treba da preduzme u redovnoj nastavi ali i situacijama kada se dese nezgode na času.

U nedostatku konkretnih rešenja ovih nedoumica, a da bi se izbegle brojne neželjene situacije, veći rizici, nesporazumi i slično, nastavnicima fizičkog i zdravstvenog vaspitanja preostaje da na logičan i odgovoran način pokušaju da preduzmu sve što je u njihovoj moći kako bi iste predupredili.

Nastavnik, pre svega, treba da ustanovi rutine i pravila rada sa kojima učenici moraju biti upoznati i kojih će morati da se pridržavaju a odnose se na:

• smiren dolazak učenika do svlačionice i presvlačenje (po mogućnosti nadziran od strane nastavnika)
• ličnu uverenost u ispunjenost uslova da učenici nose propisanu odeću i obuću za čas
• nakit, bedževi, satovi i bilo koji drugi „dodaci“ moraju biti odloženi prilikom presvlačenja
• zabranjen ulazak u fiskulturnu salu pre nastavnika
• upoznavanje učenika sa svim važnijim aspektima rada na času koji sledi
• davanje posebnih instrukcija u zavisnosti od aktivnosti koje treba da se sprovedu
• unapred pripremljene sprave i rekvizite
• upoznavanje učenika sa znakom kada oni mogu da počnu aktivnost i kada moraju da zaustave aktivnost

Pridržavanje svih navedenih rutina ili uslovno rečeno „pravila“ rada, u velikoj meri će sprečiti nastanak nezgoda na časovima fizičkog vaspitanja, ali i pored preduzimanja svih predostrožnosti nezgode se ipak ponekad dogode.

U tim slučajevima potrebno je imati jasno definisane procedure postupanja od strane škole (ili prosvetnih vlasti?). Činjenica je da takve procedure (koliko je autoru poznato) ne postoje u našoj nastavnoj praksi i da se nastavnici u takvim situacijama snalaze kako znaju i umeju.

Naše zakonodavstvo je prepoznalo postojanje problema oko pružanja prve pomoći kada su u pitanju povrede na radu, pa je od pre nekoliko godina na snazi Pravilnik o načinu pružanja prve pomoći, vrsti sredstava i opreme koji moraju biti obezbeđeni na radnom mestu, načinu i rokovima osposobljavanja zaposlenih za pružanje prve pomoći². Uzimajući u obzir važnost regulisanja oblasti bezbednosti dece u školama, čini se da bi većina odredbi iz tog Pravilnika imala svoju punu upotrebljivost i u školskom kontekstu.

Naime, u ovom aktu precizira se da su preduzeća u obavezi da obezbede pružanje prve pomoći, osposobe odgovarajući broj radnika za pružanje prve pomoći i obezbede sredstva za pružanje prve pomoći uzimajući u obzir procenjene rizike, tehnološki proces, organizaciju, prirodu i obim procesa rada, kao i broj zaposlenih koji učestvuju u procesu rada, broj radnih smena, broj lokacijski odvojenih jedinica, učestalost povreda na radu i udaljenost do najbliže medicinske ustanove.

Pojedine škole su počele da postupaju u skladu sa tim Pravilnikom i vrše obuku određenog broja nastavnika za pružanje prve pomoći. Za sada situacija je takva da će sigurno svaki iskren pedagog odmah priteći detetu u pomoć, ali neke nedoumice se moraju razjasniti. Naime, pored činjenice da su svi diplomirani profesori fizičkog vaspitanja tokom svog školovanja stekli određena znanja iz sportske medicine, anatomije, fiziologije, korektivne gimnastike itd., to im zakonski ne daje nikakve medicinske kvalifikacije. U tom smislu, preporuka bi bila da svi nastavnici fizičkog i zdravstvenog vaspitanja, kao dodatni vid osposobljavanja, završe kurseve (ili drugi vid stručnog osposobljavanja) prve pomoći. Takođe, to bi bilo veoma poželjno i za sve ostale nastavnike.

Tek po završetku sertifikovanog kursa za pružanje prve pomoći, nastavnici bi i pravno imali osnova da istu pruže. Kada se nezgoda dogodi, nastavnik bi tada trebao, u skladu sa stepenom povrede, da pruži prvu pomoć na licu mesta.

Ukoliko se radi o ozbiljnijem stepenu povrede kao što su prelomi, obilnija krvarenja, gubitak svesti i slično, učenik se mora, ukoliko je bezbedno transportovati u medicinsku ustanovu (školskim prevozom, automobilom nekog od nastavnika ili vozilom hitne pomoći). U tu svrhu, u blizini fiskulturne sale (ili u samoj sali) ili na vidnom mestu u školi, potrebno je da bude istaknut telefonski broj hitne pomoći (194). Prema ranije propisanom Pravilniku o normativima školskog prostora, opreme i nastavnih sredstava za osnovnu školu³, kabinet nastavnika fizičkog i zdravstvenog vaspitanja bi trebao da bude opremljen i sa jednim ormarićem sa kompletom za prvu pomoć.

1. Zakon o osnovama sistema obrazovanja i vaspitanja. Službeni glasnik RS 72/09,52/11,55/13,35/15 i 68/15.

2. Pravilnik o načinu pružanja prve pomoći, vrsti sredstava i opreme koji moraju biti obezbeđeni na radnom mestu, načinu i rokovima osposobljavanja zaposlenih za pružanje prve pomoći. Službeni glasnik RS 109/2016.

3. Službeni glasnik SRS – Prosvetni glasnik, br. 4/90.

Lobbyists Magazine

August 4, 2023

Author: Prof. Dr. Aleksandar Gadžić, Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports Management, the only Faculty of Sports at Singidunum University, Belgrade

According to the current law in our country, all students attending school have the right to protection and safety within the school building and schoolyard, on the way between home and school, and outside the school building and schoolyard – during educational activities or other activities organized by the school.

Each school, based on this law, prescribes Rules on measures, methods, and procedures for the protection and safety of students during educational activities and other activities organized by the school. These rules typically state that the protection and safety of students are ensured through:

– Physical protection and safety

– Health protection and safety

– Emotional and social protection and safety

Apart from these formal forms of ensuring health protection and safety of students in school, there are areas that are not clearly and thoroughly defined by the law. Physical and health education, due to its specificities, certainly represents the „riskiest“ part of the entire educational process.

We occasionally witness sensationalist headlines about students breaking a leg, an arm, or suffering even worse injuries during physical education classes due to a teacher’s oversight. Unfortunately, such headlines are sometimes accurate. Sometimes a teacher inadvertently makes a mistake, and an accident occurs, leading to the teacher being held accountable. The responsibility of physical and health education teachers for the health and safety of students is undoubtedly the greatest among all other subject teachers. This relationship indicates the need for clearly defined rules and procedures that the teacher should undertake during regular classes and in situations when accidents occur.

In the absence of concrete solutions to these uncertainties, and to avoid numerous unwanted situations, greater risks, misunderstandings, and the like, physical and health education teachers must logically and responsibly try to do everything in their power to prevent them.

A teacher should, first and foremost, establish routines and rules that students must be aware of and adhere to, which relate to:

– Calm arrival of students to the locker room and changing (preferably supervised by the teacher)

– Ensuring that students wear the prescribed clothing and footwear for the class

– Jewelry, badges, watches, and any other „accessories“ must be removed during changing

– Prohibiting entry into the gym before the teacher

– Informing students about all important aspects of the upcoming class

– Giving special instructions depending on the activities to be carried out

– Preparing equipment and tools in advance

– Informing students when they can start the activity and when they must stop the activity

Adhering to all these routines or so-called „rules“ of work will greatly prevent accidents during physical education classes, but despite taking all precautions, accidents sometimes still occur.

In such cases, it is necessary to have clearly defined procedures by the school (or educational authorities?). The fact is that such procedures (as far as the author knows) do not exist in our educational practice, and teachers handle these situations as best they can.

Our legislation has recognized the existence of problems related to providing first aid in case of work injuries, and a few years ago, the Rulebook on the method of providing first aid, the type of equipment and supplies that must be provided at the workplace, and the method and deadlines for training employees in providing first aid came into effect. Considering the importance of regulating the area of child safety in schools, it seems that most provisions of this Rulebook would have full applicability in the school context.

Namely, this document specifies that companies are obliged to provide first aid, train an appropriate number of workers to provide first aid, and provide first aid supplies considering assessed risks, technological processes, organization, nature and scope of work processes, the number of employees involved in the work process, the number of work shifts, the number of geographically separated units, the frequency of injuries at work, and the distance to the nearest medical facility.

Some schools have started to comply with this Rulebook and train a certain number of teachers to provide first aid. For now, the situation is such that every sincere educator will surely immediately assist a child in need, but some uncertainties need to be clarified. Namely, despite the fact that all graduated physical education teachers have acquired certain knowledge in sports medicine, anatomy, physiology, corrective gymnastics, etc., during their education, this does not legally give them any medical qualifications. In this sense, the recommendation would be that all physical and health education teachers, as an additional form of training, complete courses (or another form of professional training) in first aid. Additionally, this would be highly desirable for all other teachers as well.

Only after completing a certified first aid course would teachers have the legal basis to provide it. When an accident occurs, the teacher should then provide first aid on the spot in accordance with the severity of the injury.

If it is a more serious injury such as fractures, significant bleeding, loss of consciousness, etc., the student must be transported to a medical facility (by school transport, a teacher’s car, or an ambulance) if it is safe to do so. For this purpose, the emergency phone number (194) should be prominently displayed near the gym (or in the gym itself) or in a visible place in the school. According to the previously prescribed Rulebook on the norms of school space, equipment, and teaching aids for primary schools, the physical and health education teacher’s office should also be equipped with a first aid cabinet.

1. Law on the Fundamentals of the Education System. Official Gazette RS 72/09, 52/11, 55/13, 35/15, and 68/15.

2. Rulebook on the Method of Providing First Aid, the Type of Equipment and Supplies that Must Be Provided at the Workplace, and the Method and Deadlines for Training Employees in Providing First Aid. Official Gazette RS 109/2016.

3. Official Gazette SRS – Educational Gazette, No. 4/90.